The 54th Annual Convention of the CASELE

What aspect of speech should novice EFL learners focus on to improve their speaking proficiency most effectively?

This study compared the effects of directing attention either toward the conceptualizer or formulator of the Speech Production Model (Levelt, 1989) on the speaking performance of junior high school students. Results showed that directing attention toward the formulator improved learners’ speech complexity to a greater extent and strengthened their beliefs regarding the importance of grammar.